The deep seabed, known as the "Area" in international law, covers 54% of the global ocean and lies at depths from 200 to 10,000 meters below the ocean's surface.
It is home to ancient geological formations and ecosystems, including abyssal plains, seamounts, and hydrothermal vents, which exist in extreme conditions of perpetual darkness, high pressure, and near-freezing temperatures.
These ecosystems exist in extreme conditions of perpetual darkness, high pressure and near-freezing temperatures.
The deep seabed is a unique and largely unexplored environment, with features like hydrothermal vents soaring 35 meters high, formed over millions of years.
Author's summary: Exploring the deep seabed's unique ecosystems.